Repurposing spent batteries in communication base stations (CBSs) is a promising option to dispose massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs), yet the environmental f
When installing lead-acid batteries in telecom base stations, several critical factors must be considered to ensure efficient, safe, and long-lasting performance.
When installing lead-acid batteries in telecom base stations, several critical factors must be considered to ensure efficient, safe, and long-lasting performance.
In the communication power supply field, base station interruptions may occur due to sudden natural disasters or unstable power supplies. This work studies the optimization of
Regional energy infrastructure limitations directly shape the adoption of lead-acid batteries in telecom base stations by altering operational priorities, cost structures, and technology
These batteries must meet high durability, temperature resilience, and efficiency standards to support 24/7 telecom operations in remote or unstable power environments.
Repurposing spent batteries in communication base stations (CBSs) is a promising option to dispose massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs), yet
Determining battery lifetime used in cellular base stations is crucial for mobile operators to maintain availability and quality of service as well as to optimi
Lead-acid batteries, especially gel and AGM variants, perform well under varied climatic conditions. VRLA batteries (AGM and gel) are preferred for hot, humid, or enclosed
In the communication power supply field, base station interruptions may occur due to sudden natural disasters or unstable power supplies. This work studies the optimization of battery resource configurations to cope with
Overview Telecom batteries for base stations are backup power systems using valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) or lithium-ion batteries. They ensure uninterrupted connectivity during grid
Valve-controlled sealed lead-acid batteries, with their maintenance-free and good sealing performance, are widely used in places where installation space is limited and maintenance conditions are harsh, such as emergency
If the battery discharges to its termination voltage and is not recharged in a timely manner, the battery''s capacity decreases, and its lifespan is shortened. Similarly, if the switch power
If the battery discharges to its termination voltage and is not recharged in a timely manner, the battery''s capacity decreases, and its lifespan is shortened. Similarly, if the switch
Valve-controlled sealed lead-acid batteries, with their maintenance-free and good sealing performance, are widely used in places where installation space is limited and maintenance
These batteries must meet high durability, temperature resilience, and efficiency standards to support 24/7 telecom operations in remote or unstable power environments.
The findings of this study indicate a potential dilemma; more raw metals are depleted during the secondary use of LIBs in CBSs than in the LAB scenario. On the one hand, the secondary use of LIBsreduces the MDP value by extending the service life of the batteries, although more metal resources are consumed during the repurposing activities.
Among the potential applications of repurposed EV LIBs, the use of these batteries in communication base stations (CBSs) isone of the most promising candidates owing to the large-scale onsite energy storage demand ( Heymans et al., 2014; Sathre et al., 2015 ).
Owing to the long cycle life and high energy and power density, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are themost widely used technology in the power supply system of EVs ( Opitz et al. (2017); Alfaro-Algaba and Ramirez et al., 2020 ).
On the other hand, if the secondary use of repurposed LIBs is widely promoted,a delay in metal circulation will occur; the material availability might be questionable, and more primary lithium, copper, and aluminum have to be extracted to meet the supply shortages in the manufacturing sector.
Since battery recycling occurs at the end of the secondary use in CBS,stakeholders in the reusing sector should bear the environmental burdens of recycling. In this case, the two allocation factors α and β are respectively set to 0 and 1.
From the resource point of view, the MDP of repurposed LIBs isnot always preferable to that of the conventional LAB system. Recently, the environmental and social impacts of battery metals such as nickel, lithium and cobalt, have drawn much attention due to the ever-increasing demand ( Ziemann et al., 2019; Watari et al., 2020 ).
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